Psychology RootsTime Management Behavior Scale
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About Time Management Behavior Scale
Scale Name
Time Management Behavior Scale
Author Details
Theresa H. Macan
Translation Availability
English
Background/Description
Thirty-three time management behavior items developed by Macan et al. (1990) from a compilation of time management tips, ideas, and techniques were used to assess subjects’ use of time management behaviors. They covered topic areas including setting goals, prioritizing, organizing, and scheduling. The scale items were intended to measure the extent to which time management activities are used, not the individual’s evaluation of the effectiveness or appropriateness of such behaviors. Participants responded to each item using a 5-point Likert-type scale from seldom true (1) to very often true (5).
Negatively worded items were reverse scored. Higher mean scores indicated more frequent use of time management as prescribed by the literature (see Macan et al., 1990, for a more detailed description).
Perceived control over time. Five items assessing the extent to which individuals believe they can directly affect how their time is spent were taken from Macan et al. (1990).
The items were “I feel in control of my time,” “I find it difficult to keep to a schedule because others take me away from my work,” “I underestimate the time that it would take to accomplish tasks,” “1 must spend a lot of time on unimportant tasks,” and “I find myself procrastinating on tasks that I don’t like but that must be done.” Responses were made using the same 5-point Likert scale used for time management behaviors. The coefficient alpha for this scale was .68.
In a review of the time management literature, the TMBS factors were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis and the TMBS was found to have convergent validity (Claessens et al., 2007). The Cronbach’s Alpha for the goal setting, mechanics, and preference for organization subscales of the TMBS were .86, .83, and .79, respectively, indicating good internal consistency of the scales. In addition, the perceived control of time scale had a somewhat low, while still generally acceptable, Cronbach’s Alpha
of .71.
Structure of the Scale: The TMBS originally comprised 33 items, categorized into four subscales:
- Setting Goals and Priorities: Evaluates the extent to which individuals establish objectives and prioritize tasks.
- Mechanics of Time Management: Assesses behaviors like making to-do lists and planning activities.
- Preference for Organization: Measures an individual’s inclination towards maintaining an orderly work environment.
- Perceived Control of Time: Reflects the degree to which individuals feel in control of their time.
However, subsequent studies suggested that Perceived Control of Time is an outcome of time management behaviors rather than a component. Therefore, the TMBS is often utilized with the first three subscales.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- Access the Scale: The TMBS can be obtained from academic publications or by contacting the author.
- Inform Participants: Explain that the scale assesses their time management behaviors to improve organizational practices.
- Provide Instructions: Participants rate each statement on a 5-point Likert scale, from ‘seldom true’ (1) to ‘very often true’ (5).
- Completion Time: Approximately 10-15 minutes.
- Collect Responses: Ensure confidentiality to promote honest answers.
Reliability and Validity
In a review of the time management literature, the TMBS factors were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis and the TMBS was found to have convergent validity (Claessens et al., 2007). The Cronbach’s Alpha for the goal setting, mechanics, and preference for organization subscales of the TMBS were .86, .83, and .79, respectively, indicating good internal consistency of the scales. In addition, the perceived control of time scale had a somewhat low, while still generally acceptable, Cronbach’s Alpha
of .71.
Available Versions
33-Items
Reference
Macan, T. H. (1994). Time management: Test of a process model. Journal of applied psychology, 79(3), 381.
About the Author:
Dr. Macan’s (Curriculum Vitae) research focuses on the human resource management issues of recruiting and selecting employees. Specifically, with regard to recruiting, she has investigated applicant and employee reactions to the employment interview in a variety of contexts. Results from these studies will aid organizations in designing their employment selection techniques so as to recruit the best qualified and leave the non-selected with a favorable impression of the company.
With regard to selecting, she actively examines a variety of means of improving the employment interview so organizations can better select the most qualified. For example, Dr. Macan has investigated various strategies of interviewer note-taking and its effects on interviewers’ recall and subsequent selection decisions. More recently, her research focuses on interviewers’ ratings of applicants with disabilities and aims to improve the interview process for this growing segment of the workforce, persons with disabilities.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the TMBS?
A self-report instrument measuring time management behaviors.
How is it structured?
Originally 33 items across four subscales; commonly used with three subscales.
How is it administered?
Participants rate statements on a 5-point Likert scale.
Is it reliable?
Yes, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.79 to 0.86.
Where can I access the scale?
Through academic publications or by contacting the author.
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6 comments
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