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Progressive Error These are changes in participant responses that are caused by testing in multiple treatment conditions; includes order effects, such as…

Procedural Memory Procedural memory is the most basic and primitive form of memory. As the name implies, this is the type of…

Procedural Controls Procedural controls are the steps taken to ensure that the results of a study reflect true responses to intended stimuli.…

Probability Sampling When doing research on a large population, it is often impractical to study every single member of the group. Instead,…

Proactive Interference Difficulty in learning new information because of already existing information. For example, an English speaking person may have greater difficulty…

Privation This term refers to being deprived of something or being in a state of deprivation. For example, going without water for…

Priming Priming is an acuteness to stimuli because of exposure to a certain event or experience. For example, an individual who has…

Primary Sex Characteristics Men and women both have hair on our heads, our face, etc. However, primary sex characteristics are body structures…

Primary Reinforcer This is a term used in conditioning, and it refers to anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning…

Primary Reinforcement In Operant Conditioning there are Primary Reinforcers and Conditioned Reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are naturally reinforcing, i.e. there is no learning…