Psychology RootsHare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale
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About Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale
Scale Name
Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale
Author Details
Allen L. Shoemaker
Translation Availability
English
Background/Description
The Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale, developed by Allen L. Shoemaker in 1980, is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure adolescents’ feelings about their worth and importance in three specific domains: among peers, as students, and as family members. Originally published in Social Behavior and Personality, the scale was adapted for use with African-American males aged 12-16 in urban settings by Paschall and Flewelling (1997) as part of violence prevention research. Grounded in multidimensional self-concept theories (Harter, 1985), the scale posits that self-esteem varies across social contexts, influencing behavior and adjustment. It was designed to capture context-specific self-perceptions in high-risk youth, particularly in relation to delinquency and academic outcomes.
The scale comprises 10 items, divided among peer (4 items), school (3 items), and home (3 items) domains, rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree” to 4 = “strongly agree”). Example items include “I feel good about myself with my friends” (peer), “I am proud of my schoolwork” (school), and “I feel important in my family” (home). Scores are summed or averaged per domain or overall (range: 10-40), with higher scores indicating greater self-esteem. Validated in urban African-American male adolescents, the scale is used to assess self-esteem as a protective factor against risk behaviors.
Psychologists, educators, and public health researchers use the scale to evaluate self-esteem in specific social roles, inform interventions for at-risk youth, and study its impact on violence and academic engagement. Its moderate internal consistency and cultural specificity are strengths, though its English-only availability, specific demographic focus, and brief item set may limit broader application.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- Obtain a copy of the Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale from primary sources, such as Shoemaker (1980) in Social Behavior and Personality (Vol. 8, pp. 197-200) or Paschall and Flewelling (1997) in Ethnicity and Disease, ensuring ethical use permissions.
- Explain the purpose to respondents, noting that it assesses how they feel about themselves with friends, at school, and at home to support personal growth, emphasizing confidentiality and using culturally sensitive, age-appropriate language.
- Provide instructions, asking respondents to rate each of the 10 items based on their agreement with statements about their worth in specific contexts, using the 4-point scale.
- Approximate time for completion is 3-5 minutes, depending on reading ability.
- Administer in a classroom, community center, or research setting, using paper or digital formats, ensuring a private environment to promote honest responses. Oral administration may be used for students with reading difficulties.
Reliability and Validity
The Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale demonstrates moderate psychometric properties, as reported by Paschall and Flewelling (1997). Internal consistency is acceptable, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.71, indicating reasonable item cohesion for a brief, multi-domain scale, though slightly lower than ideal due to the diverse contexts assessed. Test-retest reliability is not reported, but stability is inferred to be moderate based on similar self-esteem measures (e.g., r ≈ 0.60-0.80 over weeks).
Convergent validity is supported by correlations with related constructs, such as general self-esteem (r ≈ 0.40-0.60) and academic self-concept (r ≈ 0.30-0.50), and its inverse relationship with delinquent behavior, consistent with self-concept research (Harter, 1999). Discriminant validity is inferred from weaker correlations with unrelated constructs, such as academic aptitude (r < 0.30). Criterion validity is demonstrated by its ability to predict positive adjustment in urban youth, as noted in violence prevention studies (Paschall & Flewelling, 1997). Factor analyses confirm a three-domain structure (peer, school, home), supporting construct validity. The moderate reliability suggests cautious use, ideally paired with other measures like the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
Available Versions
10-Items
Reference
Shoemaker, A. L. (1980). Construct validity of area specific self-esteem: The Hare Self-Esteem Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(2), 495-501.
Paschall, M. J., & Flewelling, R. L. (1997). Measuring intermediate outcomes of violence prevention programs targeting African-American male youth: an exploratory assessment of the psychometric properties of six psychosocial measures. Health Education Research, 12(1), 117-128.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Hare Area-Specific Self-Esteem Scale measure?
It measures self-esteem in peer, school, and family contexts.
Who can use the scale?
Psychologists, educators, and researchers studying African-American male youth.
How long does the scale take to complete?
It takes about 3-5 minutes.
Is the scale specific to African-American males?
Yes, it was adapted for males aged 12-16 in urban settings.
Can the scale inform interventions?
Yes, it supports youth programs, but moderate reliability (α = 0.71) requires caution.
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